Summary: Eyeglasses are used by a wide variety of people throughout the globe, unfortunately, the anti-fog coat they contain wears off after approximately a year (Kim, 2023). This is despite most users keeping their glasses well beyond that year range. So to resolve this issue, the solution that has been devised is to sell small bottles of Hydroxyl Carboxylic acid. Said compound when applied to one’s glasses will recreate with the old anti-fog coating, helping save consumers money on replacements for otherwise perfectly good glasses. The compound will be manufactured and then will be packaged in small containers given only small quantities are needed. The droplets will be accompanied by detailed instructions regarding safety and application. The founders consist of a group of young aspiring Engineers, who strive to apply a technical perspective in order to resolve a common issue. Research has been conducted based on sources such as Fundamentals of antifogging strategies, coating techniques and properties of Inorganic Materials; a comprehensive review by Izzati Fatimah Wahab(Wahab et al., 2023). There are several notable features that will be explored in the following proposal including research, pricing, shipping, marketing, and safety. The initial budget requested is 150,000 USD.
Table of Contents
Summary: Jean Carlo 1
Research and Technological Advancement: Haines and Batsheva 4
Pricing: Jean Carlo and Donald 5
Packaging and Shipping: Batsheva and Luxurie 11
Marketing and Branding: Luxurie and Batsheva 13
Safety and Instructions: Min 15
Conclusion: Jean Carlo and Batsheva 16
Evaluation Techniques: Batsheva 17
Task Schedule: Group Effort 18
Introduction
Anti-fog coating is a chemical that was originally developed by NASA during Project Gemini in 1966 after a NASA astronaut’s face shield continually fogged during a spacewalk (How Do Anti Fog Coatings Work?, n.d.). Since then, anti-fog coating has proven indispensable when it comes to the utilization of many forms of eyewear, including eyeglasses. Hydrophilic anti-fog coatings, which last for long periods of time, are generally applied to the eyeglass lenses during the manufacturing process. Despite the mass use of anti-fog coating in eyeglasses today, the effects provided by these chemicals are not permanent as they wear off over time. There are ways for a user to reapply coatings through anti-fog spray, anti-fog wipes, etc., but these are surfactant-based anti-fog coatings that do not last more than a few days. Due to this, many eyeglass wearers find themselves either getting them recoated by a professional or purchasing a new pair which is not cheap. Getting your glasses recoated can cost you $50 (Anti-Fog Prescription Safety Glasses, n.d.), which may be cheap for some but not all. Repurchasing glasses can be an even bigger investment. The national average for eyeglasses with insurance is about $196, but without insurance, eyeglasses can cost as high as $600 (How Much Do Eyeglasses Cost?, n.d.). With no way for a user to apply these chemicals themselves, there is demand for easy access to a cheap, long-lasting, anti-fog coating solution among eyeglass wearers. This demand gave rise to the innovation Glass Drops, a Hydrophilic solution that effectively gets rid of fog for up to six months and can easily be applied by a user to their eyeglass lenses. They are projected to be available for purchase at the price of $12 which is much cheaper than paying a professional or purchasing a new pair. With this product and a budget ask of $150,000, our team intends to change the current state of the market, replacing recoating services, household anti-fog sprays, and wipes, with a bottle of Glass Drops. The proceeding content of the document is divided into 7 parts: Research and Technological Advancement, Pricing, Packaging and Shipping, Marketing and Branding, Safety Instructions, Conclusion, and Appendices.
Research and Technological Advancement
In recent technological developments, coating using hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials characteristics has been an attractive strategy to induce antifogging properties.
These chemical properties can be used to create drops with Hydroxyl and Carboxyl. Since these drops are a hydrophilic compound it will help to create and reinforce the old coat on the glasses. As shown by this lab report written by Wahab, the modification of inorganic materials for anti-fogging coating is used to help the polar groups form back their hydrogen bonds to help the anti-fogging coat be formed, meaning the compound or mixture will help reinforce the coat of the glasses, via the reconstruction of polar bonds in the glass, which will ultimately allow for longer usage of the glasses.
The way these drops will be created is by mixing Carboxyl and Hydroxyl in one bottle after being melted at 90° C. We will then leave the drops to rest for three days to allow for these two chemicals to create an acid, which is a hydrophilic compound. This acid helps to decrease the fogging of the glasses. “Hydrophilic compounds work by creating a coating on a surface that absorbs water” (Kim, 2023). The reason why the fogging will decrease is because the compound we will create will absorb the water droplets, which creates fog.
The uniqueness of our drops from other mixtures or solutions is that our drops will have a longer duration and usage life. The chemicals in our drops will have an estimated shelf life of 2 years. The drop’s effect will last for 6 months before another application is needed.
Our product is approximately $12, which helps rebuild the anti-fog coating already present on the glasses making glass drops a superior invention to the other sprays out there. One example of the comparison to other sprays sold is Warby Parker anti-fog spray, which costs $20 and will not rebuild your coat as it only keeps the fog off your glasses. Their spray only lasts 5 days (Gantman, M., 2021) versus our drops which last 6 months and fully reconstruct the coat, showing that our drops have better long-term effects on your glasses than sprays or wipes which are just used to clear the fog. Also to get the enhancements that eyeglass companies put on glasses is an annoyance and an added expense, our product aims to reduce this problem. We help glasses last longer with this coat and it’s easily applied by the customer themselves.
Pricing
The following is a demonstration of how pricing for the anti-fogging coat was calculated. Some key considerations are that we are projecting to double the amount of items sold every six months. This goal is therefore reflected in our calculations. The tables reflecting total cost are a demonstration of the total costs incurred up to said milestones. Milestones when mentioned in a table range from one to five. With one being the first milestone of 10,000 units sold and milestone 5 being 160,000 units sold. So when costs are displayed, they reflect the total amount of money put into the company by said milestone. In addition, we plan bulk purchases in order to reach the following milestone, so to go from milestone one to milestone two which is a difference of 10,000 units, the resources needed to assemble 10,000 more units would be bought at once.
Table 1 demonstrates the per-unit cost. As a disclaimer for individual packaging, the amount is listed as greater or equal to 10,000 pieces which represents the price that would be paid per unit for packaging orders made in bulk. This same bulk price setup is reflected for glass eye droppers, cardboard boxes, and bubble wrap. A note on the eye droppers, there are different prices for glass eye droppers depending on quantity purchased in bulk which is accounted for in the table. This is why there are two separate totals. Each total reflects the per unit price for the respective quantities of glass eye droppers purchased. This was necessary to compute since we would initially order 10,000. As we grow the price would begin to change as different milestones are reached, such as going from 80,000 sold to 160,000 which would require an order of 80,000 glass eye droppers. The size of this particular order would change the price charged for the bulk order. For more information on the rationale behind packaging choices please visit the packaging section. For specific materials purchases, Hydroxyl would cost $15 for 5 grams (Buy polyethylene glycol,n.d.) and Carboxylic acid $23 for 0.250mg (Buy 4,6-difluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid.n.d.). The specific price for the amount used to produce one unit was calculated.
Table 1:
| Price per Unit/Individual Price (Wholesale) | ||
| Components | Amount | Price |
| Hydroxyl | 950 mg | ($15/5 grams) x 0.950 = $2.85 |
| Carboxylic | 50 mg | ($23/0.250 grams) x 0.05 = $4.60 |
| Individual packaging | >= 1000 pieces | $0.08 |
| Glass eye dropper(1) | >= 10,000 pieces | $0.06 |
| Glass eye dropper(2) | >= 50,000 pieces | $0.05 |
| Cardboard Boxes | >= 5,000 pieces | $0.10 |
| Bubble Wrap Roll | >= 100 pieces | $0.02 |
| Total for 1 | 1 unit | $7.71 |
| Total for 2 | 1 unit | $7.70 |
Table 2 reflects marketing costs. This is reflected separately given that marketing offers unique challenges further detailed in the marketing section. Based on the rationale detailed in the marketing section, the amounts spent for each milestone of items sold are accounted for.
Table 2:
| Total Marketing Costs | |
| Amount (Clicks) | Accumulated Cost (USD) |
| 10,000 | $1,129.03 |
| 20,000 | $2,258.06 |
| 40,000 | $4,516.13 |
| 80,000 | $9,032.26 |
| 160,000 | $18,064.52 |
In Table 3, shipping costs are reflected. Shipping costs are relatively minuscule, given that an Amazon Professional Sellers Account takes care of shipping. There is only a monthly flat fee of $40 which would come out to $480 annually which is $240 per six months (Avila, 2024). Hence assuming we double items sold every six months the corresponding total spent on shipment is reflected. For more information on the rationale behind shipping please go to the shipping and packaging section.
Table 3:
| Total Shipping Cost | |
| Amount (units) | Price (6 months price: $40 per month x 6 months = $240) |
| 6 months (10,000 units) | $240 |
| 12 months (20,000 units) | $480 |
| 18 months (40,000 units) | $720 |
| 24 months (80,000 units) | $960 |
| 30 months (160,000 units) | $1200 |
Table 4, reflects total unit costs alone at scale for visualization of how much units alone would cost. However, it’s important to emphasize that we plan to buy in bulk so the difference between the milestone we currently reach and the next one. This poses unique challenges. For example, the difference between 80,000 units sold and 160,000 units sold would require buying 80,000 additional units in bulk at once. So there would be a need to account for the over 50,000 glass eye droppers bought in once that is a different price than when below 50,000. This is accounted for to avoid overcharging. As a further example, the reason we did not need to do any unusual math for the difference between 40,000 sales and 80,000 is that only 40,000 more glass eye droppers were purchased which is less than 50,000, the threshold where a new price applies. Hence from 10,000 to 80,000, we can continue to double the price in order to provide a visual of the total costs incurred. In Table 5, the cost of materials, shipping, and marketing are calculated at scale for each milestone.
Table 4:
| Total Unit Cost at Scale | |
| Amount (units) | Price |
| Milestone 1:10,000 (Total 1 x 10,000) | $77,100.00 |
| Milestone 2:20,000 (Milestone 1 x 2) | $154,200 |
| Milestone 3:40,000 (Milestone 2 x 2) | 308,400 |
| Milestone 4:80,000 (Milestone 3 x 2) | 616,800 |
| Milestone 5:160,000 (Milestone 4 + 80,000 x Total 2) | 1,232,800 |
Table 5:
| Total Cost at Scale(Expenses) | |
| Amount (units) | Price (corresponding per unit cost + corresponding marketing cost + corresponding shipping cost) |
| Milestone 1: 10,000 (Total 1) | $78,469.03 |
| Milestone 2: 20,000 (Total 1) | $156,938.06 |
| Milestone 3: 40,000 (Total 1) | $313,636.13 |
| Milestone 4: 80,000 (Total 1) | $626,792.26 |
| Milestone 5: 160,000 (Total 2) | $1,252,064.52 |
In Table 6, sales are demonstrated in quantitative numbers. This table reflects an attempt to give an idea of how much would be brought in. We are still in the process of looking into a potential manufacturer to outsource chemical production too. Nevertheless, inflation has had a massive impact across the domestic economy, and the current United States Producer Price Index has Chemical manufacturing listed as of October 2023 at $352.32 (US producer price. n.d). Therefore given the need to consider potential manufacturing costs affected by inflation, in Table 6, a 50% markup is demonstrated at scale. To be further clear, manufacturing costs are unknown, this is due to an inability despite outreach to reach a chemical manufacturer and receive a quota. Hence we want to incorporate a 50% markup into our calculation to have wiggle room to when possible include manufacturing costs. To further emphasize here, we have two markup prices, we will charge consumers $11.57 before 80,000 units are sold, and afterward, consumers will be charged $11.55.
Table 6:
| 50% Markup Price of Units (Total Revenue) | |
| Amount(units) | Price (Total 1: $11.57 | Total 2: $11.55) |
| Milestone 1: 10,000 (Total 1 x 10,000) | $115,700 |
| Milestone 2: 20,000 (Milestone 1 x 2) | $231400 |
| Milestone 3: 40,000 (Milestone 2 x 2) | $462,800 |
| Milestone 4: 80,000 (Milestone 3 x 2) | $925,600 |
| Milestone 5: 160,000 (Milestone 4 + 80,000 x Total 2) | $1849,600 |
In Table 7, we attempt to display the difference between revenue and expenses. At this time we would caution against the use of the word profit. We stress again, that multiple attempts of outreach have been made to chemical manufacturers, but at the time of this proposal being written, we have not received any responses yet. Once again this is not profit since we needed to account for manufacturing costs but all other components have been considered. Since it is not possible to calculate manufacturing costs, the producer price index was mentioned earlier to justify our 50% markup.
Table 7:
| Difference between sale price and costs (revenue – expenses)* | |||
| Amount (Units) | Revenue(Table 6) | Expenses(Table 5) | Difference |
| 10,000 | $115,700 | $78,469.03 | $37,230.97 |
| 20,000 | $231,400 | $156,938.06 | $74,461.94 |
| 40,000 | $462,800 | $313,636.13 | $149,163.87 |
| 80,000 | $925,600 | $626,792.26 | $298,807.74 |
| 160,000 | $1,849,600 | $1,252,064.52 | $597,535.48 |
Packaging and Shipping
The following explains the many elements that are involved in the packaging and shipping of glass drops to our users without complications and cost-effective usage of our product.
The packaging materials and prices are outlined in the chart below, all found on Alibaba (Cosmetic Packaging Mini,n.d; High quality 18/410 glass eye, n.d.; Plastic cushion, n.d.; 0.5 ML mini small gift bottles, n.d). The 0.5 ml bottle which holds 10 drops (via the conversion factor of 1 ml is 20 drops) holds 5 applications per bottle, which allows for a customer to use most of the glass drop solution as needed (Campbell Ding, 2022). In actuality, only 8 drops or 4 applications are needed per bottle because every 6 months, a new coat has to be reapplied and the drops have a shelf life of around two years. However, we include one extra dose of glass drops in our bottle in case the customer needs an extra try applying the drops. In addition to the glass bottle, we will provide a dropper for the bottle, which will be placed in a customizable box with bubble wrap outlining the box for extra safety precautions.
| Packaging Materials with Price Per Amount Sold | ||
| Packaging Material | Price | Amount |
| 0.5 ml Clear bottle | $0.08 | 1,000 pieces |
| 0.25 ml Dropper | $0.06$0.05 | 10,000 pieces 50,000 pieces |
| Cardboard Boxes to house the Drops 4x4x2 cm | $0.10 | 5,000 pieces |
| Bubble Wrap Roll 40x32x16 cm | $0.02 | 100 rolls |
The process that will be used for shipping will vary and expand with user increase. In the beginning stages of the development of our company, we will sell our product via Amazon’s user interface and website. This will cost our company a fee of 40 dollars per month, which comes out to $480 annually to have a Professional Business account and sell to customers. This $40-a-month cost includes the shipping costs for domestic and international sales, as well as covering the shipping per item fee. Our drops would be categorized in the health and household department under the sub-department of eyeglasses cleaning fluids (Amazon, 2023). Using Amazon in the beginning stages of our company will allow us to sell our product on a site without having to deal with the user interface of a website. After our company grows by 40,000 users we will move to making our website and linking Amazon to the website, to be able to continue using their shipping services. Once our company grows by 160,000, we will sell our drops in pharmacies to have a broader reach in the American market of glasses users. After these initial stages, we will continue to look for more cost-effective ways to ship glass drops on broader scales in America and around the world.
Marketing and Branding
The product branding was designed with a modern aesthetic in mind (promoting everyday usage) as well as colors that allow for vibrant printing, which catches the eye. The fonts involved in the design are royalty-free, meaning there will be no additional fees for commercial usage and branding. All other assets are considered non-expenses, which allowed for the final draft of our product branding.
In the beginning stages of our company, we will use Amazon-provided tools to market our company. Included in having a seller’s account, Amazon allows the sellers to have a sponsored products campaign page. This page will allow our company to determine how much we want to spend on advertisements and what to include in the advertisements (Amazon, 2023).
After establishing a solid consumer base, we will expand via well-designed graphics advertised on both Facebook and Instagram; both of which are highly effective in advertising according to a specific budget (Paquette, 2020). The Facebook advertising platform shows an average click-through rate (CTR) of 1.2%, equivalent to 12 clicks per 1000 impressions (WebFX 2023). With a cost of $3 per 1000 impressions for the health & household category (Marino, 2023). Instagram advertising demonstrates a higher CTR of 5%, resulting in 50 clicks per 1000 impressions across all industries (Flick 2023), with a corresponding cost of $4 per 1000 impressions (WebFX 2023). Moreover, the analysis of engagement patterns reveals that Facebook sees its highest user engagement from 8 AM to 1 PM on Monday through Thursday, and Instagram sees its highest user engagement between 9 AM and 12 PM on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday (Keutelian 2023).
Considering a calculated projection of 248 clicks over four days (62 clicks per 2,000 impressions per day for four days), the associated cost amounts to $32 weekly. Extrapolating this to a monthly context, the estimated expenditure reaches $128, estimating a monthly ad-click amount of 992, from a monthly impression amount of 32,000. The ratio in effect for Facebook is $3:1000 impressions:12 clicks, and for Instagram, the ratio is $4:1000:50 clicks, which can be manipulated to calculate the necessary milestones. The 10k milestone is calculated by manipulating the combined ratio of $7:2000 impressions:62 clicks.
| Click → Cost | 10k clicks ÷ 62 clicks = 161.290323 → 161.290323 × $7 → $1,129.03226 |
| Click → Impression | 10k clicks ÷ 62 clicks = 161.290323 → 161.290323 × 2000 impressions = 322580.646 impressions |
This financial outlay aligns with the anticipated outcomes derived from the specified advertising strategies and engagement timings.
| 20k | 20k clicks ÷ 62 clicks = → 322.580645 × $7 → $2258.06452 → | $2,258.06 |
| 40k | 40k clicks ÷ 62 clicks = → 645.16129 × $7 → $4516.12903 → | $4,516.13 |
| 80k | 80k clicks ÷ 62 clicks = → 1290.32258 × $7 → $9032.25806 → | $9,032.26 |
| 160k | 160k clicks ÷ 62 clicks = → 2580.64516 × $7 → $18064.5161 → | $18,064.52 |
Optimally, to obtain the milestones’ count of clicks, these are the projected expenditures and the respected calculations involved.
Safety and Instructions
Safety is paramount when working with carboxylic acids, organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group (COOH). These acids play a crucial role in various industrial, pharmaceutical, and everyday applications, but adhering to proper safety precautions is essential. When using Glass Drops, consumers will encounter the following basic safety instructions.
First and foremost, always prioritize Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Wear appropriate gear, including gloves and goggles, to minimize skin contact and prevent accidental splashing. Additionally, work in a well-ventilated area or utilize a fume hood to reduce inhalation exposure, considering the potentially strong odor of carboxylic acids.
In case of skin contact, promptly wash the affected area with plenty of water. If the acid comes into contact with your eyes, flush with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention. Clearly label all containers with the carboxylic acid’s name, concentration, and hazard warnings to identify contents and communicate potential risks to others.
Store carboxylic acids in cool, dry places away from direct sunlight to prevent decomposition or adverse reactions. For optimal use of Glass Drops, store them in the freezer. Limit access to storage areas, allowing only authorized personnel, and keep these substances out of reach of children.
Given that carboxylic acids are typically flammable, ensure storage areas are equipped with appropriate fire safety measures, such as fire extinguishers, and follow fire safety procedures.
By adhering to these safety guidelines, individuals can effectively mitigate the associated risks, promoting a secure work environment and ensuring the proper usage of Glass Drops. Once all safety measures are in place, users can apply Glass Drops to their glasses by placing one drop on each lens and allowing it to sit for three hours before use.
Conclusion
Glass drops offer the chance to help people save money by not having to replace their glasses, while also providing a lasting coat of anti-fog. While specific outsourced manufacturing costs are factors that need further consideration, ultimately the product shows immense potential. Sensible safety features have been considered, while specific packaging, shipping, and marketing costs have been explained. These anti-fogging glass drops hold the potential to bring benefits to many and add a new level to the eyeglasses market. Therefore our initial investment request is $150,00 USD.
Appendices
Evaluation Techniques
1. One evaluation technique is to test the durability of the packaging of glass drops, which is required when shipping via Amazon. The required evaluation technique is a drop test, where the package is dropped from 3 feet at 5 different angles, flat on the bottom, flat from the top, on both sides, and a corner. This is to determine if our packaging when shipping withstands the fall without damage (Avila, 2024).
2. Chemical toxicity testing will be done via the 5033 Toxi-ChromoPad testing kit. This test uses bacteria that emit a blue, bioluminescent, light, to determine if the chemicals are toxic. This works because toxic chemicals absorb light, so if the blue light doesn’t appear, then chemicals are toxic (Botsford, n.d). This would cost 185.00$ to buy, it includes the Petri dishes and bacteria used (User, n.d). To evaluate the toxicity we will perform an ASLT test, which is an Accelerated Shelf Life Test. This test systematically increases the temperature of an incubated environment where the drops will be in. The increase in temperature accelerates the shelf life of chemical solutions and allows for an accurate prediction of the shelf life. We will start the temperature at room temp of 25 degrees Celsius and bring up the temperature by 15 degrees Celsius four times and see how the glass drops react to the change in temperature (Accelerated shelf life, n.d) Based on the chemicals in the drops we estimate it to have a shelf life of two years.
3. To determine the ease of use of the Glass Drops we will send out online goggle forms questionnaires to the first 100 buyers and ask them how the use of glass drops was and what they would improve.
Task Schedule
| Task | Date | Person |
| Form group | October 25, 2023 | Haines Barco/ Batsheva / Jean Carlo |
| Assign roles | November 1, 2023 | Everyone |
| Research and develop the product | November 5, 2023 | Haines Barco |
| Pricing | November 8, 2023 | Jean Carlo / Donald |
| Shipping and Marketing Research | November 8, 2023 | Batsheva / Luxurie |
| Evaluate the safety and toxicity of the product via 5033 Toxi-ChromoPad and ASLT testing | November 8, 2023 | Min |
| Create a logo and Marketing strategies to reach wide audiences | December 6, 2023 | Luxurie |
| Build Prototype | January 2024 | Haines/Batsheva |
| Reach wide consumer base online via Amazon | June 2024 | Everyone |
| Partner with major pharmacies in order to sell to a nationwide market | January 2027 | Everyone (continuous teamwork) |
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